Texas's Northside Independent School District (NIS) and Maryland's Prince George’s County Schools (PGCS) each viewed one million videos using Discovery Education streaming.
Discovery Education Press Release, July 19 2009. Northside Independent School District and Prince George’s County Schools View One Million Videos Using Discovery Education streaming
Thursday, August 27, 2009
Monday, August 24, 2009
Teachers’ Conflicts of Interest Ration Learning: NESI Conversation 11
This 11th conversation with Dr. W.E. Doynit describes how teacher choices can result in conflicts of interest and other “schoolhouse corruption” that reduce student learning. It details use of the learning code as part of academic performance management with and without Tablet and other mobile PCs.
Key Words: ALBA, applied learning behavior analysis, aLEAP, conflicts of interest, learning analysis, learning code, learning efficiency indices, learning losses, limited learning, NESI, rationed learning, schoolhouse corruption, teacher / educator choices.
Tablet PC Education: Thank you for returning to this blog for a total of 11 times, once with others to discuss the report "Rationed Learning: ... 'Yes, but ...'" . Let’s get to it.
In our ninth conversation, you suggested that teachers and administrators have conflicts of interest with accelerating student learning. You inferred that these conflicts ration student learning.
Please be candid. Are you charging educators with giving priority to something over their students’ learning?
Before we go further, are we talking about 2009 or another year.
Doynit: 2009.
Yes, I think at least some public school teachers and administrators have inherent conflicts of interest with accelerating student learning promptly and dramatically.
Conflicts occur whenever an educator’s performance review does not describe measurements of her or his impact on student learning rates.
And, yes, these conflicts appear to ration learning in public schools.
As John Deasy, former superintendent of George's County, MD public school system, might say, calling out such conflicts permits increasing student learning by getting rid of them. Complacency about these conflicts results in continued rationed learning, an immoral and unethical position for any educator to take.
Many educators and staff found themselves fired immediately when they did not give priority to student learning increases.
Tablet PC Education: What do you mean by conflicts of interest and rationed learning?
Doynit: Educators know these conflicts. In general, they refer to anything that does not put student learning first. Anything that's business as usual when students do not exceed state minimum academic standards.
They range from use of school time for personal text messages and phone calls to sloppy lesson plans and misusing of student time and school resources with imprecise and inaccurate instruction. They include inadequate academic performance management by administrators.
At their core, conflicts of interest occur whenever educators make choices that do not promptly increase student learning measurably.
Operationalizing and making public such choices permits formal testing to identify which ones accelerate and which ones decelerate student learning.
These tests would help to clarify ways to merge two trends in public schooling. Now, these trends exist side by side.
One trend, the historic dominant one, gives priority to teacher experience as providing the best ideas about student learning. This trend opens discussions for defining teaching, learning, who’s a teacher, best ideas, etc.
A second trend, the one used by NESI among others, gives priority to using advanced technologies to describe and assess learning. In this trend, learning leads teaching. That is, without learning, no teaching has occurred regardless of what happens in a classroom. This trend requires different records and classroom observations as well as procedures from some of those used in the historic trend and in traditional schooling.
Public policy makers, educators, scientists, advanced technology developers and users, et al. are among the many people working through the messy business of bringing these two trends together in real time to increase learning dramatically and promptly.
Tablet PC Education: Given that background, do you have a trechnical definition of conflicts of interest and rationed learning?
Doynit: Conflicts of interest exist to the extent that teaching and other schooling practices do not implement scientific descriptions of how people learn. Rationed learning occurs whenever students learn less than what is possible, such as by instructing with ways that students learn.
People follow observable patterns to learn. At NESI, we call these patterns a learning code.
We use this code to monitor how learners adjust behavior patterns to meet environmental demands, such as meeting a lesson’s learning objective. Behavioral scientists have accumulated descriptions of these behavior patterns and how to use them to increase learning during the past 100 years.
Tablet PC Education: Why do you label learning behavior patterns as a code?
Doynit: At NESI, we use the term learning code as a quick descriptor. It refers to an organization of empirical experimental behavioral science findings we use to observe learners. With that organization, we do with advanced communication technology what teachers routinely do mentally: calculate various risks learners face in a given lesson, such as probabilities of success, failure, costs, flow, and intensity.
We call this organization aLEAP. That stands for A Learning Efficiency Analysis Paradigm. It’s an outgrowth of ALBA, our previous Applied Learning Behavior Analysis descriptions.
aLEAP allows teachers and others to monitor each other and each student’s progress toward meeting learning objectives for each lesson. It is another step toward automatic learning analyses with Tablet, Touchscreen, and other mobile PCs.
Tablet PC Education: So, you say conflicts of interest exist between educators and students when schooling does not fit this learning code. Yes?
Doynit: Yes, because misfits yield lower learning efficiency. By tradition and policy, schooling exists to increase student learning efficiency.
Anything that does not measurably increase learning (rates) conflicts with that primary purpose.
To ask the obvious rhetorical question: Why else should public schools exist than to increase student learning rates?
Tablet PC Education: What about for school breakfasts, after school activities, parent conferences, teacher professional development? Do you think they conflict and ration learning?
Doynit: Yes, until someone identifies measurable, experimental impacts on each student’s learning.
With due respect to public school policy makers and educators, let me illustrate choices educators make that conflict with student learning. I offer these to cast light on choices of educators that limit learning.
I do so with no dark intentions. Yet, these illustrations may cause reactions as do fingernails scratching down old classroom chalkboards.
Tablet PC Education: Your example?
Doynit: Here’s a simple, idealized example of a routine classroom conflict of interest. I have, as have other experienced teachers, observed such situations in and out of schools many times.
It illustrates how teachers’ instructional choices can lower student learning rates. It uses clock time in part to calculate an index of learning efficiency.
Two teachers each have 30 students assigned randomly from the school roster to their First Grade classrooms. Both teachers hold the same credentials and teacher evaluations, have the same seniority, work next door to each other with the same set of resources, and have the same learning objectives for their classes with lessons offered at the same time of day. Teachers switched classrooms on the second day, used their same procedures with new content and obtained the same relative learning efficiency results.
Teacher A uses for 30 minutes a teaching method that allows 15 students in her class to meet the purpose of her lesson. Her method relies on an undefined, but analyzable hybrid of theories about human development, social services (including schooling), learning, and instruction. Her instruction occasionally matches the learning code sufficiently for some students to meet learning criterion for this lesson.
Teacher B uses a method consistent with the learning code. It takes five minutes to accomplish the same outcome as Teacher A, but with all 30 of her students meeting the same learning criterion. She then offers the next five lessons in the remaining 25 minutes with all 30 students meeting learning criterion for each lesson.
Tablet PC Education: What do such differences mean in real life?
Doynit: Teacher choices of instruction make several differences in the real school life of their students.
Teacher B’s instruction uses clock time measured in seconds to offer instruction. She accepts that each second of each lesson must contribute to students meeting a learning criterion immediately. She edits her timing of words and actions to yield observable student progress toward a lesson criterion.
Teacher B students are now measurably ahead academically of students in Teacher A’s classroom, because of these teachers’ instructional choices.
Everything else equal, this means that Teacher A will take 12 times as long for her class to meet the same academic performance as students of Teacher B.
For Teacher A to accomplish that, quick learning students will be restrained from learning more while waiting for other students. Also, all of her students will learn less, because they have not had as much instruction as classroom B students during the same clock time.
Tablet PC Education: Why do you measure these differences this way?
Doynit: Measures help teachers and other learning analysts to identify where to make changes in order to increase learning further. Let me continue identifying measures. Some are for instructional and some for administrative purposes.
Teacher B chose instruction that offered six times more efficient learning by students in her class. They meet six more learning objectives than Teacher A’s one objective for some students in one 30 minute instructional block.
Also, twice as many students of Teacher B (30 Teacher B students / 15 Teacher A students) met these learning objectives than students of Teacher A.
All together, in 30 minutes 15 Teacher A students met one learning criterion for a total of 15 criteria compared with 30 Teacher B students meeting 6 criteria for a total of 180 criteria.
That gives Teacher A a clock time based learning efficiency index of 0.0083 (15 learning criteria / 30 minutes x 60 seconds per minute) and 0.1 (180 learning criteria / 30 minutes x 60 seconds per minute) for Teacher B.
Teacher A students have a comparative total classroom learning efficiency ratio of 0.083 (15 / 180) learning criteria compared with the academic accomplishments by students of Teacher B.
Also, 15 students of Teacher A learned 17 percent (1 / 6 = 0.167) of students of Teacher B and 15 students learned 0.00, because they did not meet Teacher A’s learning criterion for that lesson.
Teachers may use these indices to adjust instructional choices.
Administrators can use such indices to evaluate teacher performance as well as to calculate distributions of costs of academic learning.
Tablet PC Education: So, teacher choices of instructional methods rationed learning for one class as compared with the other class?
Doynit: Yes. This example illustrates several things.
1. Teacher choices can limit learning. At NESI, we call these limits rationing.
2. Ways exist to measure that learning and to calculate learning rates and learning loss rates.
3. From these measures, learning analysts can calculate rationing, risks of failure, etc. students face during lessons.
4. Administrators can use such indices to evaluate teacher performance as well as to calculate costs of academic learning.
Tablet PC Education: I see your point about a conflict, but I still have questions about your indices. Maybe another time we can discuss learning efficiency indices. For now, I’ll accept them at face value.
Is that the only conflict you see?
Doynit: I see others also. They include but go beyond regular conflicts such as teachers using school time to make personal phone calls and text messages, using school supplies for personal tasks, etc.
Let me first describe anecdotes of conflicts for teachers and then for school administrators. Limited objective data exist to support or deny how far to generalize these examples.
These are real, not imagined situations. Teachers and administrators know about such behavior in public schooling, but do not discuss the topic with outsiders.
Tablet PC Education: When responding, say what anecdotes have to do with increasing student learning.
Doynit: Anecdotes help to anticipating limited changes in student learning rates until stronger objective data exist to guide this part of managing learning.
To the point: First, teachers do what they think best for their students. Their judgment can conflict with increasing learning rates when chosen practices do not fit how students learn.
Yet, teachers continue with these judgments. They have made extensive personal and financial investments to earn certificates and then to find employment in schools.
Unfortunately for public school students, these investments have resulted in relatively little exposure beyond introductions to empirical, experimental behavioral data about how people learn.
As an aside, it’s unclear from objective empirical research which comes first, limited exposure to these data or teachers-in-preparation who choose venues and courses of study that do not offer these data. For the present, these results appear the same: students learn more of what is possible when teachers implement objective experimental behavioral study results of how people learn.
Educators who have attended Tier I and highly select research based schools of education will likely not recover their financial investment from teacher salaries and perks. Alumni of other tier-ranked schools will face similar, but not as steep a challenge to recover their investments.
Also, teachers with administrative and national board teaching certificates have made additional investments that increase their risk of failure to recover or profit financially from these commitments.
Second, Tier I alumni can have had the advantage of instruction from those who wrote the textbooks and conducted the research about how people learn. Students in other tier-ranked schools use these textbooks. This means that some teachers have more objective and up to date information about how people learn than other teachers may ever know exists.
In a related way, it’s unclear from objective research, the impacts on learning of public school educators talking about teaching as a calling, a sacrifice, etc., because they know they can’t recover financially or because of personal sentiments that carried them into teaching.
Tablet PC Education: Are you saying that the amount and kinds of teacher investments in preparing to teach limit student learning?
Doynit: Yes, all teachers are not prepared equally. That means they do not have the same skills and information about how people learn at the end of that preparation, even when they complete courses with the same titles and similar exams.
Also, by a definition of the Tier system, all teacher preparation programs do not have teacher preparation staff and faculty with comparable levels of skills, information, and commitment to behavioral research about how people learn.
Some people see these differences as strengthening student learning. Others disagree.
These variations leave an uneven base for increasing learning promptly and consistently across teachers, schools, and learners.
Tablet PC Education: Why do these variations limit learning?
Doynit: Because (and this is fundamental) educator preparation gives priority to theories and issues about rather than descriptions of how people learn and ways to accelerate student learning rates promptly with whatever resources exist at hand.
Teachers then select which of what they know to use. Then, they appear to try to recover their investment in preparation by assembling hybrids from what they remember of theories about learning and schooling.
Second, in that vein, many vocal and blogging teachers defend their commitment to teaching by talking more about personal experience than objective data about how students in their classes learn.
For example, many teachers correct papers, text to family members, etc. during pre and incumbent service required professional development sessions. Hundreds of online teacher blogs argue that such sessions are irrelevant to them and to their students, because they do not match with personal experiences of teachers.
Their claims and behavior offer an interesting hypothesis to test empirically as are other uncounted and unanalyzed teacher statements about effects of teachers’ personal priorities on student learning rates.
Tablet PC Education: So, it appears, but unconfirmed by objective data, that teachers have conflicts of interest with increasing student learning rates. Go on. Discuss why you wonder if public school administrators have conflicts.
Doynit: Let me describe another aspect of teacher behavior patterns first.
A vocal cohort of teachers claim that they know best what students should learn in their classes. They argue that legislators, school administrators, parents and other people have unreasonable expectations for student learning.
They try to make the point that no one but a current classroom teacher can understand the problems they face just to get through each school day, let alone meet other people’s expectations.
In their own ways, they say they intend to continue teach as they have in the past, except when they can figure out how to improve their patterns to ends they consider relevant, irrespective of what others say.
At the same time, a relatively few incumbent teachers, including some in the mainstream of public schooling, say that a NESI school can happen and they try to make whatever they can of it happen in their classrooms today.
Tablet PC Education: Why, though, can’t a school board hold teachers personally responsible for every student in every class increasing learning, at least as measured by the mandated state standards tests?
Doynit: Here are a couple of quick, real, not fictitious, examples.
Objective, empirical data have not clarified what is speculation and what is fact about such examples. Again, I’m talking about real schools.
Public school boards have accepted two comma plus foundation and corporate donation dollars for programs they promised would accelerate learning. However, these boards used the money as general funds and spent the money mostly to increase the number of administrative staff, salaries, and facilities. Their students did not increase their academic performance.
A teacher explained to me, based on conversations with school district administrators in more than one state, that school board members know they can receive more money from their state and foundations while making fewer waves in their districts, if they’re students do poorly on state mandated tests.
Extra Federal funds pass through states to districts and then to schools for three years “to improve” schooling of low scoring students. Over 50 percent of these extra funds in some districts have gone into administrative overhead, not into classroom or instructional improvements.
At the end of the extra funding, districts closed these low performing schools, rename these school buildings, moved in other trusted principles to oversee the same teachers using the same instruction with the same students to start the three year process again. Administrators say these changes are relatively easy to make in districts with large numbers of students moving in and out of schools each academic year.
Teachers appear to accept such administrative behavior, even though they may complain about it on blogs. By accepting, teachers don’t have to change dramatically what they do, and they can point elsewhere to reasons why accelerated learning does not occur in their classrooms.
Tablet PC Education: You’re serious, yes? This is fact, not a NESI fiction to make a point, right? If accurate, aren’t these people conspiring and committing frauds? Surely, you’ve described exceptions to the way school boards and educators operate.
Doynit: Not fiction. As I mentioned the last time we talked, I’ve heard variations of these stories in more than one state before and after the No Child Left Behind program started, including in a recent open assembly with parents, alumni, and students talking about such management of public school academics.
Tablet PC Education: I still hope you’re wrong. In another setting, it would be called “corruption.”
Doynit: I’m describing reasons teachers can fulfill contracted obligations without increasing student academic performance.
In addition to the acceptance of Federal and corporate funds, a school district had teachers of advanced classes accept student cheating, because it raised the school’s and the district’s average GPA and yearly academic progress scores. I watched a student show a parent how students in classes take and send iPhone pictures of tests and assignments to other students.
Another example: The high school valedictorian did not show up in class for tests all four years. Instead, she called students who took the test to find out what questions were asked, prepared, and then aced make-up tests. In turn, she and others who followed similar patterns were accepted into Tier I universities.
In addition, in this same school, only three students showed up for a final advanced physics class exam. That night, calls came for updates from students who did not attend. When students started taking the make-up test, they protested to the teacher that it was too hard. The teacher accepted their complaint, gave them an easier test, rank ordered results of both tests, graded on a curve, and gave anyone a B grade with less than 97 out of 100 points. Those who took the test when scheduled received the 97 points.
In each of these situations, complaints to teachers and senior school administrators were continually dismissed without any corrective action that changed teacher or student behavior during the four years. One teacher, also a parent of an effected student, was told to keep quiet about the situation in order to continue a teaching contract the next school year.
Tablet PC Education: So, you’re arguing that teachers don’t have to accelerate student learning in order to continue teaching, so many of them don’t.
Doynit: Yes, I wonder if that’s a fair hypothesis. I hope someone tests it objectively and soon in ways that show that the anecdotes I cited are aberrations, not the mode.
At NESI, we avoid dealing with such matters by selecting teachers who have demonstrated that they can and who agree that they will accelerate student learning rates promptly and dramatically as documented by third party observations and analyses.
Tablet PC Education: It sounds to me as though these situations occur because of inadequate oversight. Yes?
Doynit: Yes, inadequate oversight and variations in performance expectations for educators. These inadequacies allow conflicts of interest and schoolhouse corruption to exist.
School board members can insist routinely and respectfully for objective empirical evidence of how instructional practices increase student learning. It’s fair to require that all students meet minimum state standards, because ways exist for this to happen.
Not to record these uncomfortable discussions is to pretend that all is well in schools. Pretending dumbs-down community understanding of schooling and maybe student learning.
NESI and aLEAP provide examples of models that give priority to prompt, measurable increases in student learning rates with existing resources. All they require are commitments of educators to use them or some other learning code based patterns.
Tablet PC Education: Thank you, Dr. Doynit. We look forward to learning more about aLEAP and how NESI accelerates student learning. You answered some questions raised when you joined Dr. Doowrite and Ms. Donna Pahl earlier to discuss the report “Rationed Learning: A Conspiracy of Yes, but …”
References
Deasy, J. E. Deasy on Students' Gains from Fixing School Strains. Posted by The Tablet PC In Education Blog August 23, 2009, at 4:08 PM
Heiny, R. Learning with Tablet PCs Research Agenda: From Facts to Pragmatics. Posted by The Tablet PC In Education Blog. October 28, 2008 at 4:04 PM.
Heiny, R. Rationed Learning Interview. Posted by The Tablet PC In Education Blog, April 5, 2009, at 9:28 AM.
Heiny, R. New Era School Initiative (NESI) Conversation 7: Tablet PC Learning Research. Posted by The Tablet PC In Education Blog, May 24, 2009, at 6:47 AM
Heiny, R. New Era School Initiative (NESI) Conversation 9: Teachers. Posted by The Tablet PC In Education Blog June 10, 2009, at 9:27 AM
Heiny, R. “Rationed Learning: …'Yes, but … '” Report Revisited. Posted by The Tablet PC In Education Blog, June 15, 2009, at 8:47 AM
Heiny, R. aLEAP/A Learning Efficiency Analysis Paradigm Abstract. Posted by The Tablet PC In Education Blog, August 7, 2009, at 3:54 AM.
Click on Key Words New Era School Initiative (NESI) in the left hand column of this blog for a full list of posts about ways to increase learning promptly and dramatically with AY 2009-2010 tools and conditions.
Key Words: ALBA, applied learning behavior analysis, aLEAP, conflicts of interest, learning analysis, learning code, learning efficiency indices, learning losses, limited learning, NESI, rationed learning, schoolhouse corruption, teacher / educator choices.
Tablet PC Education: Thank you for returning to this blog for a total of 11 times, once with others to discuss the report "Rationed Learning: ... 'Yes, but ...'" . Let’s get to it.
In our ninth conversation, you suggested that teachers and administrators have conflicts of interest with accelerating student learning. You inferred that these conflicts ration student learning.
Please be candid. Are you charging educators with giving priority to something over their students’ learning?
Before we go further, are we talking about 2009 or another year.
Doynit: 2009.
Yes, I think at least some public school teachers and administrators have inherent conflicts of interest with accelerating student learning promptly and dramatically.
Conflicts occur whenever an educator’s performance review does not describe measurements of her or his impact on student learning rates.
And, yes, these conflicts appear to ration learning in public schools.
As John Deasy, former superintendent of George's County, MD public school system, might say, calling out such conflicts permits increasing student learning by getting rid of them. Complacency about these conflicts results in continued rationed learning, an immoral and unethical position for any educator to take.
Many educators and staff found themselves fired immediately when they did not give priority to student learning increases.
Tablet PC Education: What do you mean by conflicts of interest and rationed learning?
Doynit: Educators know these conflicts. In general, they refer to anything that does not put student learning first. Anything that's business as usual when students do not exceed state minimum academic standards.
They range from use of school time for personal text messages and phone calls to sloppy lesson plans and misusing of student time and school resources with imprecise and inaccurate instruction. They include inadequate academic performance management by administrators.
At their core, conflicts of interest occur whenever educators make choices that do not promptly increase student learning measurably.
Operationalizing and making public such choices permits formal testing to identify which ones accelerate and which ones decelerate student learning.
These tests would help to clarify ways to merge two trends in public schooling. Now, these trends exist side by side.
One trend, the historic dominant one, gives priority to teacher experience as providing the best ideas about student learning. This trend opens discussions for defining teaching, learning, who’s a teacher, best ideas, etc.
A second trend, the one used by NESI among others, gives priority to using advanced technologies to describe and assess learning. In this trend, learning leads teaching. That is, without learning, no teaching has occurred regardless of what happens in a classroom. This trend requires different records and classroom observations as well as procedures from some of those used in the historic trend and in traditional schooling.
Public policy makers, educators, scientists, advanced technology developers and users, et al. are among the many people working through the messy business of bringing these two trends together in real time to increase learning dramatically and promptly.
Tablet PC Education: Given that background, do you have a trechnical definition of conflicts of interest and rationed learning?
Doynit: Conflicts of interest exist to the extent that teaching and other schooling practices do not implement scientific descriptions of how people learn. Rationed learning occurs whenever students learn less than what is possible, such as by instructing with ways that students learn.
People follow observable patterns to learn. At NESI, we call these patterns a learning code.
We use this code to monitor how learners adjust behavior patterns to meet environmental demands, such as meeting a lesson’s learning objective. Behavioral scientists have accumulated descriptions of these behavior patterns and how to use them to increase learning during the past 100 years.
Tablet PC Education: Why do you label learning behavior patterns as a code?
Doynit: At NESI, we use the term learning code as a quick descriptor. It refers to an organization of empirical experimental behavioral science findings we use to observe learners. With that organization, we do with advanced communication technology what teachers routinely do mentally: calculate various risks learners face in a given lesson, such as probabilities of success, failure, costs, flow, and intensity.
We call this organization aLEAP. That stands for A Learning Efficiency Analysis Paradigm. It’s an outgrowth of ALBA, our previous Applied Learning Behavior Analysis descriptions.
aLEAP allows teachers and others to monitor each other and each student’s progress toward meeting learning objectives for each lesson. It is another step toward automatic learning analyses with Tablet, Touchscreen, and other mobile PCs.
Tablet PC Education: So, you say conflicts of interest exist between educators and students when schooling does not fit this learning code. Yes?
Doynit: Yes, because misfits yield lower learning efficiency. By tradition and policy, schooling exists to increase student learning efficiency.
Anything that does not measurably increase learning (rates) conflicts with that primary purpose.
To ask the obvious rhetorical question: Why else should public schools exist than to increase student learning rates?
Tablet PC Education: What about for school breakfasts, after school activities, parent conferences, teacher professional development? Do you think they conflict and ration learning?
Doynit: Yes, until someone identifies measurable, experimental impacts on each student’s learning.
With due respect to public school policy makers and educators, let me illustrate choices educators make that conflict with student learning. I offer these to cast light on choices of educators that limit learning.
I do so with no dark intentions. Yet, these illustrations may cause reactions as do fingernails scratching down old classroom chalkboards.
Tablet PC Education: Your example?
Doynit: Here’s a simple, idealized example of a routine classroom conflict of interest. I have, as have other experienced teachers, observed such situations in and out of schools many times.
It illustrates how teachers’ instructional choices can lower student learning rates. It uses clock time in part to calculate an index of learning efficiency.
Two teachers each have 30 students assigned randomly from the school roster to their First Grade classrooms. Both teachers hold the same credentials and teacher evaluations, have the same seniority, work next door to each other with the same set of resources, and have the same learning objectives for their classes with lessons offered at the same time of day. Teachers switched classrooms on the second day, used their same procedures with new content and obtained the same relative learning efficiency results.
Teacher A uses for 30 minutes a teaching method that allows 15 students in her class to meet the purpose of her lesson. Her method relies on an undefined, but analyzable hybrid of theories about human development, social services (including schooling), learning, and instruction. Her instruction occasionally matches the learning code sufficiently for some students to meet learning criterion for this lesson.
Teacher B uses a method consistent with the learning code. It takes five minutes to accomplish the same outcome as Teacher A, but with all 30 of her students meeting the same learning criterion. She then offers the next five lessons in the remaining 25 minutes with all 30 students meeting learning criterion for each lesson.
Tablet PC Education: What do such differences mean in real life?
Doynit: Teacher choices of instruction make several differences in the real school life of their students.
Teacher B’s instruction uses clock time measured in seconds to offer instruction. She accepts that each second of each lesson must contribute to students meeting a learning criterion immediately. She edits her timing of words and actions to yield observable student progress toward a lesson criterion.
Teacher B students are now measurably ahead academically of students in Teacher A’s classroom, because of these teachers’ instructional choices.
Everything else equal, this means that Teacher A will take 12 times as long for her class to meet the same academic performance as students of Teacher B.
For Teacher A to accomplish that, quick learning students will be restrained from learning more while waiting for other students. Also, all of her students will learn less, because they have not had as much instruction as classroom B students during the same clock time.
Tablet PC Education: Why do you measure these differences this way?
Doynit: Measures help teachers and other learning analysts to identify where to make changes in order to increase learning further. Let me continue identifying measures. Some are for instructional and some for administrative purposes.
Teacher B chose instruction that offered six times more efficient learning by students in her class. They meet six more learning objectives than Teacher A’s one objective for some students in one 30 minute instructional block.
Also, twice as many students of Teacher B (30 Teacher B students / 15 Teacher A students) met these learning objectives than students of Teacher A.
All together, in 30 minutes 15 Teacher A students met one learning criterion for a total of 15 criteria compared with 30 Teacher B students meeting 6 criteria for a total of 180 criteria.
That gives Teacher A a clock time based learning efficiency index of 0.0083 (15 learning criteria / 30 minutes x 60 seconds per minute) and 0.1 (180 learning criteria / 30 minutes x 60 seconds per minute) for Teacher B.
Teacher A students have a comparative total classroom learning efficiency ratio of 0.083 (15 / 180) learning criteria compared with the academic accomplishments by students of Teacher B.
Also, 15 students of Teacher A learned 17 percent (1 / 6 = 0.167) of students of Teacher B and 15 students learned 0.00, because they did not meet Teacher A’s learning criterion for that lesson.
Teachers may use these indices to adjust instructional choices.
Administrators can use such indices to evaluate teacher performance as well as to calculate distributions of costs of academic learning.
Tablet PC Education: So, teacher choices of instructional methods rationed learning for one class as compared with the other class?
Doynit: Yes. This example illustrates several things.
1. Teacher choices can limit learning. At NESI, we call these limits rationing.
2. Ways exist to measure that learning and to calculate learning rates and learning loss rates.
3. From these measures, learning analysts can calculate rationing, risks of failure, etc. students face during lessons.
4. Administrators can use such indices to evaluate teacher performance as well as to calculate costs of academic learning.
Tablet PC Education: I see your point about a conflict, but I still have questions about your indices. Maybe another time we can discuss learning efficiency indices. For now, I’ll accept them at face value.
Is that the only conflict you see?
Doynit: I see others also. They include but go beyond regular conflicts such as teachers using school time to make personal phone calls and text messages, using school supplies for personal tasks, etc.
Let me first describe anecdotes of conflicts for teachers and then for school administrators. Limited objective data exist to support or deny how far to generalize these examples.
These are real, not imagined situations. Teachers and administrators know about such behavior in public schooling, but do not discuss the topic with outsiders.
Tablet PC Education: When responding, say what anecdotes have to do with increasing student learning.
Doynit: Anecdotes help to anticipating limited changes in student learning rates until stronger objective data exist to guide this part of managing learning.
To the point: First, teachers do what they think best for their students. Their judgment can conflict with increasing learning rates when chosen practices do not fit how students learn.
Yet, teachers continue with these judgments. They have made extensive personal and financial investments to earn certificates and then to find employment in schools.
Unfortunately for public school students, these investments have resulted in relatively little exposure beyond introductions to empirical, experimental behavioral data about how people learn.
As an aside, it’s unclear from objective empirical research which comes first, limited exposure to these data or teachers-in-preparation who choose venues and courses of study that do not offer these data. For the present, these results appear the same: students learn more of what is possible when teachers implement objective experimental behavioral study results of how people learn.
Educators who have attended Tier I and highly select research based schools of education will likely not recover their financial investment from teacher salaries and perks. Alumni of other tier-ranked schools will face similar, but not as steep a challenge to recover their investments.
Also, teachers with administrative and national board teaching certificates have made additional investments that increase their risk of failure to recover or profit financially from these commitments.
Second, Tier I alumni can have had the advantage of instruction from those who wrote the textbooks and conducted the research about how people learn. Students in other tier-ranked schools use these textbooks. This means that some teachers have more objective and up to date information about how people learn than other teachers may ever know exists.
In a related way, it’s unclear from objective research, the impacts on learning of public school educators talking about teaching as a calling, a sacrifice, etc., because they know they can’t recover financially or because of personal sentiments that carried them into teaching.
Tablet PC Education: Are you saying that the amount and kinds of teacher investments in preparing to teach limit student learning?
Doynit: Yes, all teachers are not prepared equally. That means they do not have the same skills and information about how people learn at the end of that preparation, even when they complete courses with the same titles and similar exams.
Also, by a definition of the Tier system, all teacher preparation programs do not have teacher preparation staff and faculty with comparable levels of skills, information, and commitment to behavioral research about how people learn.
Some people see these differences as strengthening student learning. Others disagree.
These variations leave an uneven base for increasing learning promptly and consistently across teachers, schools, and learners.
Tablet PC Education: Why do these variations limit learning?
Doynit: Because (and this is fundamental) educator preparation gives priority to theories and issues about rather than descriptions of how people learn and ways to accelerate student learning rates promptly with whatever resources exist at hand.
Teachers then select which of what they know to use. Then, they appear to try to recover their investment in preparation by assembling hybrids from what they remember of theories about learning and schooling.
Second, in that vein, many vocal and blogging teachers defend their commitment to teaching by talking more about personal experience than objective data about how students in their classes learn.
For example, many teachers correct papers, text to family members, etc. during pre and incumbent service required professional development sessions. Hundreds of online teacher blogs argue that such sessions are irrelevant to them and to their students, because they do not match with personal experiences of teachers.
Their claims and behavior offer an interesting hypothesis to test empirically as are other uncounted and unanalyzed teacher statements about effects of teachers’ personal priorities on student learning rates.
Tablet PC Education: So, it appears, but unconfirmed by objective data, that teachers have conflicts of interest with increasing student learning rates. Go on. Discuss why you wonder if public school administrators have conflicts.
Doynit: Let me describe another aspect of teacher behavior patterns first.
A vocal cohort of teachers claim that they know best what students should learn in their classes. They argue that legislators, school administrators, parents and other people have unreasonable expectations for student learning.
They try to make the point that no one but a current classroom teacher can understand the problems they face just to get through each school day, let alone meet other people’s expectations.
In their own ways, they say they intend to continue teach as they have in the past, except when they can figure out how to improve their patterns to ends they consider relevant, irrespective of what others say.
At the same time, a relatively few incumbent teachers, including some in the mainstream of public schooling, say that a NESI school can happen and they try to make whatever they can of it happen in their classrooms today.
Tablet PC Education: Why, though, can’t a school board hold teachers personally responsible for every student in every class increasing learning, at least as measured by the mandated state standards tests?
Doynit: Here are a couple of quick, real, not fictitious, examples.
Objective, empirical data have not clarified what is speculation and what is fact about such examples. Again, I’m talking about real schools.
Public school boards have accepted two comma plus foundation and corporate donation dollars for programs they promised would accelerate learning. However, these boards used the money as general funds and spent the money mostly to increase the number of administrative staff, salaries, and facilities. Their students did not increase their academic performance.
A teacher explained to me, based on conversations with school district administrators in more than one state, that school board members know they can receive more money from their state and foundations while making fewer waves in their districts, if they’re students do poorly on state mandated tests.
Extra Federal funds pass through states to districts and then to schools for three years “to improve” schooling of low scoring students. Over 50 percent of these extra funds in some districts have gone into administrative overhead, not into classroom or instructional improvements.
At the end of the extra funding, districts closed these low performing schools, rename these school buildings, moved in other trusted principles to oversee the same teachers using the same instruction with the same students to start the three year process again. Administrators say these changes are relatively easy to make in districts with large numbers of students moving in and out of schools each academic year.
Teachers appear to accept such administrative behavior, even though they may complain about it on blogs. By accepting, teachers don’t have to change dramatically what they do, and they can point elsewhere to reasons why accelerated learning does not occur in their classrooms.
Tablet PC Education: You’re serious, yes? This is fact, not a NESI fiction to make a point, right? If accurate, aren’t these people conspiring and committing frauds? Surely, you’ve described exceptions to the way school boards and educators operate.
Doynit: Not fiction. As I mentioned the last time we talked, I’ve heard variations of these stories in more than one state before and after the No Child Left Behind program started, including in a recent open assembly with parents, alumni, and students talking about such management of public school academics.
Tablet PC Education: I still hope you’re wrong. In another setting, it would be called “corruption.”
Doynit: I’m describing reasons teachers can fulfill contracted obligations without increasing student academic performance.
In addition to the acceptance of Federal and corporate funds, a school district had teachers of advanced classes accept student cheating, because it raised the school’s and the district’s average GPA and yearly academic progress scores. I watched a student show a parent how students in classes take and send iPhone pictures of tests and assignments to other students.
Another example: The high school valedictorian did not show up in class for tests all four years. Instead, she called students who took the test to find out what questions were asked, prepared, and then aced make-up tests. In turn, she and others who followed similar patterns were accepted into Tier I universities.
In addition, in this same school, only three students showed up for a final advanced physics class exam. That night, calls came for updates from students who did not attend. When students started taking the make-up test, they protested to the teacher that it was too hard. The teacher accepted their complaint, gave them an easier test, rank ordered results of both tests, graded on a curve, and gave anyone a B grade with less than 97 out of 100 points. Those who took the test when scheduled received the 97 points.
In each of these situations, complaints to teachers and senior school administrators were continually dismissed without any corrective action that changed teacher or student behavior during the four years. One teacher, also a parent of an effected student, was told to keep quiet about the situation in order to continue a teaching contract the next school year.
Tablet PC Education: So, you’re arguing that teachers don’t have to accelerate student learning in order to continue teaching, so many of them don’t.
Doynit: Yes, I wonder if that’s a fair hypothesis. I hope someone tests it objectively and soon in ways that show that the anecdotes I cited are aberrations, not the mode.
At NESI, we avoid dealing with such matters by selecting teachers who have demonstrated that they can and who agree that they will accelerate student learning rates promptly and dramatically as documented by third party observations and analyses.
Tablet PC Education: It sounds to me as though these situations occur because of inadequate oversight. Yes?
Doynit: Yes, inadequate oversight and variations in performance expectations for educators. These inadequacies allow conflicts of interest and schoolhouse corruption to exist.
School board members can insist routinely and respectfully for objective empirical evidence of how instructional practices increase student learning. It’s fair to require that all students meet minimum state standards, because ways exist for this to happen.
Not to record these uncomfortable discussions is to pretend that all is well in schools. Pretending dumbs-down community understanding of schooling and maybe student learning.
NESI and aLEAP provide examples of models that give priority to prompt, measurable increases in student learning rates with existing resources. All they require are commitments of educators to use them or some other learning code based patterns.
Tablet PC Education: Thank you, Dr. Doynit. We look forward to learning more about aLEAP and how NESI accelerates student learning. You answered some questions raised when you joined Dr. Doowrite and Ms. Donna Pahl earlier to discuss the report “Rationed Learning: A Conspiracy of Yes, but …”
References
Deasy, J. E. Deasy on Students' Gains from Fixing School Strains. Posted by The Tablet PC In Education Blog August 23, 2009, at 4:08 PM
Heiny, R. Learning with Tablet PCs Research Agenda: From Facts to Pragmatics. Posted by The Tablet PC In Education Blog. October 28, 2008 at 4:04 PM.
Heiny, R. Rationed Learning Interview. Posted by The Tablet PC In Education Blog, April 5, 2009, at 9:28 AM.
Heiny, R. New Era School Initiative (NESI) Conversation 7: Tablet PC Learning Research. Posted by The Tablet PC In Education Blog, May 24, 2009, at 6:47 AM
Heiny, R. New Era School Initiative (NESI) Conversation 9: Teachers. Posted by The Tablet PC In Education Blog June 10, 2009, at 9:27 AM
Heiny, R. “Rationed Learning: …'Yes, but … '” Report Revisited. Posted by The Tablet PC In Education Blog, June 15, 2009, at 8:47 AM
Heiny, R. aLEAP/A Learning Efficiency Analysis Paradigm Abstract. Posted by The Tablet PC In Education Blog, August 7, 2009, at 3:54 AM.
Click on Key Words New Era School Initiative (NESI) in the left hand column of this blog for a full list of posts about ways to increase learning promptly and dramatically with AY 2009-2010 tools and conditions.
Sunday, August 23, 2009
Deasy on Students' Gains from Fixing School Strains
John E. Deasy answers National Press Club questions on C-SPAN 2 about how George's County, MD, public school K12 students improved academic performance by holding educators and their staff immediately accountable through their Children Come First program.
The Board of Education set a foundation for equity by developing policies to ensure that district improvements focused on boosting school and district accountability and expanding access to Advanced Placement and International Baccalaureate courses in high schools
He also outlined several ways the Gates Foundation had sought to address the challenges through investment of money and personnel. Available for replay.
Deasy is deputy director of the foundation's education division within its United States Program.
The foundation holds that education is a civil right.
Just think what these students and educators could accomplish with Tablet, Touchscreen or other mobile PCs.
George's County Public School Children Come First Initiative
John E. Deasy Selected As Deputy Director of Education
John Deasy on College and Career Readiness (Browse through it if you must. This is useful background for seeing what public schools can do, so students prepare for global competition.)
Graduación para todos / Level playing field
Edited for typos 08-24-09 4:22PM
The Board of Education set a foundation for equity by developing policies to ensure that district improvements focused on boosting school and district accountability and expanding access to Advanced Placement and International Baccalaureate courses in high schools
He also outlined several ways the Gates Foundation had sought to address the challenges through investment of money and personnel. Available for replay.
Deasy is deputy director of the foundation's education division within its United States Program.
The foundation holds that education is a civil right.
Just think what these students and educators could accomplish with Tablet, Touchscreen or other mobile PCs.
George's County Public School Children Come First Initiative
John E. Deasy Selected As Deputy Director of Education
John Deasy on College and Career Readiness (Browse through it if you must. This is useful background for seeing what public schools can do, so students prepare for global competition.)
Graduación para todos / Level playing field
Edited for typos 08-24-09 4:22PM
Thursday, August 20, 2009
Learn Chinese with Tablet PC
Ray recommends My First Chinese Reader for young people. He calls it "a good chinese learning textbook for kids. Really Helpful."
He says this on my post about learning Chinese, Japanese and Indonesian online.
The link on that post broke when The Learning Foundation updated its site. Here's their new link, a link to their learning Chinese, and to Ray's suggestion.
Here's a step classroom teachers can take in class tomorrow with your own Tablet or other mobile PC. Include it as "Show and Tell."
Also, check out the other links on my original post!
Learn Chinese, Japanese, and Indonesian
The Learning Foundation (A must save link for PK-elementary school teachers who insist that their students perform academically at global competitive levels, especially when you must rely on yourself to get them there.)
Learn Chinese, French, Greek Indonesian, Italian, and Japanese (Now I have no excuses. I still wonder why they don't include Latin.)
Learn Chinese (It offers a great game for starters like me. Do you know what a radical is in Chinese? I didn't, but learned it in seconds at this link.)
Ray's comment (Check out his profile. A teacher and entrepreneur. A great union!)
Ray's ebook My First Chinese Reader and link to Childbook
Ray's profile
He says this on my post about learning Chinese, Japanese and Indonesian online.
The link on that post broke when The Learning Foundation updated its site. Here's their new link, a link to their learning Chinese, and to Ray's suggestion.
Here's a step classroom teachers can take in class tomorrow with your own Tablet or other mobile PC. Include it as "Show and Tell."
Also, check out the other links on my original post!
Learn Chinese, Japanese, and Indonesian
The Learning Foundation (A must save link for PK-elementary school teachers who insist that their students perform academically at global competitive levels, especially when you must rely on yourself to get them there.)
Learn Chinese, French, Greek Indonesian, Italian, and Japanese (Now I have no excuses. I still wonder why they don't include Latin.)
Learn Chinese (It offers a great game for starters like me. Do you know what a radical is in Chinese? I didn't, but learned it in seconds at this link.)
Ray's comment (Check out his profile. A teacher and entrepreneur. A great union!)
Ray's ebook My First Chinese Reader and link to Childbook
Ray's profile
Monday, August 17, 2009
Good Time to Teach
"Odd as this may sound, (the middle sixties) was a wonderful time to be teaching. Students were interested, grade mania and the resulting grade inflation had barely emerged, the curse of political correctness had not yet paralyzed deans and department chairs and corrupted faculty. ..."
Hillerman, T. (2001). Seldom disappointed: A Memoir. New York: HarperCollins, pp. 263-264.
Hillerman, T. (2001). Seldom disappointed: A Memoir. New York: HarperCollins, pp. 263-264.
Sunday, August 16, 2009
Adverb Enemy of Verb
"The adverb is the enemy of the verb. If you need one, you chose the wrong verb. You put 'slowly' after 'walked' when you should have said 'trudged' or strolled' or 'ambled.'"
Every word must be a necessary element in the message. ... She was less tolerant of "useless verbage," of those words that could be deleted with no effect on the meaning. "Cornstarch words" she called them, ... "Like barnacles on the bottom of a boat. They slow down the sentence, reduce its force, and make you sound like an English major."
Professor Gracie Ray, News Writing, University of Oklahoma (c. 1946-1948). In Tony Hillerman (2001). Seldom Disappointed: A Memoir, New, York: HarpeCollins, p. 171.
Professor Ray's rules follow the same logic as T. Ernest Newland's comments that creativity extends what is known. It requires an informed person to create. (I wonder how that statement fits Michael at the Gorilla Foundation?)
Marc Gold also followed the same rule with his Try Another Way program that applies Zeaman and House's visual discrimination learning hierarchy. Gold shows (teaches in minutes) people with IQ scores in the middle 30s to graduate students and practicing professionals how to complete complex tasks.
aLEAP applies this logic to analyzing learning efficiency by filtering out cornstarch words in lessons.
Every word must be a necessary element in the message. ... She was less tolerant of "useless verbage," of those words that could be deleted with no effect on the meaning. "Cornstarch words" she called them, ... "Like barnacles on the bottom of a boat. They slow down the sentence, reduce its force, and make you sound like an English major."
Professor Gracie Ray, News Writing, University of Oklahoma (c. 1946-1948). In Tony Hillerman (2001). Seldom Disappointed: A Memoir, New, York: HarpeCollins, p. 171.
Professor Ray's rules follow the same logic as T. Ernest Newland's comments that creativity extends what is known. It requires an informed person to create. (I wonder how that statement fits Michael at the Gorilla Foundation?)
Marc Gold also followed the same rule with his Try Another Way program that applies Zeaman and House's visual discrimination learning hierarchy. Gold shows (teaches in minutes) people with IQ scores in the middle 30s to graduate students and practicing professionals how to complete complex tasks.
aLEAP applies this logic to analyzing learning efficiency by filtering out cornstarch words in lessons.
Thursday, August 13, 2009
School Test Scores Count to Beat Rationed Opportunity
Post secondary education rations opportunity (presumably including the top 10 percent of income earners), suggests Anthony Carnevale of the Center on Education and the Workforce, Georgetown University. He uses data from the National Education Longitudinal Study.
Carnevale reports that 82 percent of students from well off families and with high SAT scores complete college.
Fifty two (52) percent of students from well off families with low SAT scores receive higher education diplomas.
Only 44 percent of students from poor families earning high SAT scores complete college.
To the extent that these data remain valid, three questions seem worth examining in order to understand impacts Tablet and other mobile PCs have on learning and social mobility.
1. How do PreK12 teachers ration learning, so that all students who enter college do not complete it nor advance financially as well as socially? More specifically, what influence do these teachers’ instruction have on standardized test scores and post secondary earnings of their students;
2. How do these influences vary across teachers’ instructional styles with and without Tablet and other mobile PCs? and
3. What influences across family incomes and instructional styles do student non-school use of Tablet and other mobile PCs have on college completion and social mobility?
In other words, how do teachers ration students having a fighting chance at higher earning power?
Perhaps the NESI (New Era School Initiative) aLEAP (A Learning Efficiency Analysis Paradigm) will help refine these questions into hypotheses to test empirically.
Carneville, A. A real analysis of Real Education, Liberal Education, 94:4. (Captured July 17, 2009.)
Heiny, R. A Learning Efficiency Analysis Paradigm: Abstract. Tablet PC Education Blog. (Captured August 7, 2009.)
Heiny, R. Learning with Tablet PCs Research Agenda: From Facts to Pragmatics. Paper presented at Workshop on the Impact of Pen-Based Technology in Education(WIPTE), West Lafayette, IN, October 17, 2008. (Captured 07-17-09).
U.S. Department of Education. The national education longitudinal study (NELS 1988–2000).
Note: This post prompted by Regnier, P. Why I sweated my toddler’s test: Because a good education equals opportunity and the former feels increasingly out of reach. Money:Special Report, July 2009, p. 98.
Friday, August 07, 2009
A Learning Efficiency Analysis Paradigm Abstract
This installment of aLEAP offers the abstract draft of this project that leads to an automatic learning analysis with Tablet PCs.
Abstract: A Learning Efficiency Analysis Paradigm (aLEAP) illustrates relationships among ways people learn and reasons some instruction yields more efficient learning. It relates choice points and alternatives from which learners select vocabulary and logic as they adopt new behavior patterns. aLEAP consists of three dimensions: a learners’ view of learning, a hierarchy of learning variables, and performance assessment variables of learning. Future development will result in a heuristic that tracks learning transactions during a lesson. Education software developers may use this draft to design lessons and the heuristic later to formulate an automatic analysis of learning with Tablet PCs. Researchers may use both to refine the fit of instruction to learning. aLEAP is a step toward use of these developments to increase learning dramatically, promptly. Bob Heiny
Abstract: A Learning Efficiency Analysis Paradigm (aLEAP) illustrates relationships among ways people learn and reasons some instruction yields more efficient learning. It relates choice points and alternatives from which learners select vocabulary and logic as they adopt new behavior patterns. aLEAP consists of three dimensions: a learners’ view of learning, a hierarchy of learning variables, and performance assessment variables of learning. Future development will result in a heuristic that tracks learning transactions during a lesson. Education software developers may use this draft to design lessons and the heuristic later to formulate an automatic analysis of learning with Tablet PCs. Researchers may use both to refine the fit of instruction to learning. aLEAP is a step toward use of these developments to increase learning dramatically, promptly. Bob Heiny
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